The Conflict Between Christianity And The Roman Government...

When you think about Christianity, you don’t think about it being a bad thing. Christianity is the religion derived from Jesus Christ, based on the Bible as sacred scripture, and professed by Eastern, Roman Catholic, and Protestant bodies. This religion came to be one of the largest and most influential religions today. When the Romans thought about Christianity, it was considered a sin. But what exactly was the nature of the conflict between Christianity and the Roman government? The conflict between Christianity and the Roman government was that Christians refused to recognizes the romans beliefs in their religion. As Gillian Clark stated, â€Å"Jesus Christ was born in the reign of Augustus, the first Roman emperor, in an obscure district of the Roman-ruled territory then called Judaea. (Clark 4) Augustus led Rome s transformation from republic to empire. At about the age of thirty, Jesus Christ was tied to a wooden cross and secured by nails. They went through his ankles and wrists, and he was left to die. Clark also stated that, â€Å"Roman law authorized this cruel form of execution, but it was usually reserved for slaves and rebels.† (Clark 4) The romans punished Jesus because he was accused of rebellion, blasphemy, subversion. After killing Jesus, Judaism became well respected in the roman empire. Judaism was a special case when it came to Rome. The religion was special because of its monotheism and its ethnic religious category. Jewish monotheism is the belief of one andShow MoreRelatedThe Economic Activity Of The Early Roman State1616 Words   |  7 Pagesactivity in the early Roman state was agriculture. The type of influence agriculture had on the social classes, is that the majority of the Romans were independent farmers who farmed on their own, small plot of land. Also the land owned by people, determined their wealth as well. Having their own plot of land, helped the families to provide food for their members to survive. 2) The events in early Roman history that caused Romans to be anti-dictators and pro-Senate, was that the Romans favored the SenateRead MoreChanges and continuities of Roman empire1432 Words   |  6 Pages Between 500 BCE and 500 CE, the Roman civilization experienced changes both politically and culturally. Firstly, Rome’s government transitioned from a Republic to an Empire. Later, that empire was split into two parts; east and west. In terms of changes in culture, it was impacted by the shift in religion, as the Romans shifted from polytheism to monotheism. Despite all the changes, Rome still remained culturally diverse. The Romans overthrew the Etruscans in 509 B.C.E. The EtruscansRead MoreThe Great Schism, also Known as the East-West Division1017 Words   |  5 PagesSimilarly, Christianity also has separation reunion, argument and reconciliation. Christianity was started as one body, and then multiple factors gradually contributed to the split of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church. Some of these factors are such as the different understanding of Christianity, the different point of views toward the authority of the Pope and the different ideas of governing the Church. All the different thoughts created the disagreement between the two branchesRead MoreChristianity And Judaism During The 19th Century888 Words   |  4 PagesAround 55 C.E. Christianity and Judaism began to occupy Roman culture. During the transportation of a Jewish prisoner named Paul of Tarsus to Rome, it can be seen that religion was just one of the major concerns during this time. Founded in t he eighth century B.C.E., Rome was originally a small city-state ruled by one king. Eventually, Rome established itself as the dominant power in the Mediterranean basin by instituting an aristocratic republic government. Roman civilization changed drasticallyRead MoreThe Continuous Civil Unrest Of The Empire Between 509 Bce And 4761397 Words   |  6 PagesEmpire between 509 BCE and 476 CE, culturally the acceptance of a new monotheistic religion, Christianity emerged, changing from the previous polytheistic religions and the army changed from a citizen soldier to a standing army. The continuous civil unrest of the poor due to the troubled economy remained throughout Rome’s period. With Rome’s acceptance of the many polytheistic religions around the region, the emergence of a new monotheistic religion created conflicts with the Roman government. ManyRead MoreRise Of Christianity : Christianity1456 Words   |  6 PagesRise of Christianity Essay Christianity is one of the largest religions in the world. With 2.2 billion adherents, it ranks above Islam, Atheists, and Hinduism. So why is this religion so well known? How did it get where it is today? Where did it start? It started with Jesus of Nazareth who was born in Bethlehem, the Messiah to the Jewish people, and crucified by the Romans. His life, works, death, and resurrection is what started Christianity. But that wasn’t the end of it. Christians would faceRead MoreThe Reign Of The Byzantine Empire1347 Words   |  6 Pages1) The Byzantine emperors were more powerful than previous Roman emperors because the Byzantine emperors inherited imperial law, which were only provincial forms of Roman law that survived in the west. Also, the emperors were able to transition smoothly into the role of all powerful Christian monarchs. 2) The Byzantine Empire post 600 CE can be categorized as a beleaguered empire because they only had a single ruler who endowed with supreme legal and religious authority was able to prevent theRead MoreResolving Conflicts Between Religion and Politics Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesResolving Conflicts Between Religion and Politics The use of conflict to try and resolve political, religious or cultural differences has existed for centuries, Violence and the State are still two prevailing issues in our world today. It is often assumed that violence and fighting occurs between peoples of very different nationalities or cultures; that there differences are too great for there to ever be peace or compromise. This, however, is not the case; it is peopleRead MoreChurch And State Interaction Between Religion And Government Essay1771 Words   |  8 PagesChurch and State Interaction between religion and government has a reality for most civilizations since the beginning of recorded history. This narrative has its place in the Judeo-Christian history as well. The Hebrew Bible speaks of a theocracy and contains reminders to a captive people that their national failing was their religious failing. In the time that Jesus was walking around the Judean countryside, tensions between Jews and Romans were high. While it would be easy to say that the deathRead MoreThe Influences On Western Civilization1559 Words   |  7 PagesThe Influences on Western Civilization by the Hebrew-Christian and Greco-Roman Traditions Western Civilization, as it is known today, is a coalescence of various cultures, ideologies, and practices that have been preserved over centuries of human life. Although a countless number of societies have influenced Western Civilization, Hebrew-Christian civilizations and Greco-Roman civilizations have been the two most influential. Both of these civilizations and their traditions have left equally deep

Slavery in Brazil - 3556 Words

Edmund Burke, the acclaimed author and philosopher once said, â€Å"Slavery is a weed that grows on every soil.† Between the 16th and 19th century in the Americas, millions on millions of slaves were brought to the New World. There purpose was to work. The economy of most European colonies in America was dependent on slaves. The land that was discovered in Americas was useless with out sufficient slave labor to exploit it. In this essay, I will focus on two nations where slavery played an enormous role in the development of that country. First, The United States, where in 1860 in South Carolina over 50 percent of the population were slaves. Next, Brazil, the nation where about one third of all salves from Africa were brought. In this essay I†¦show more content†¦Another popular triangular route taken was ships from the U.S colonies would take rum and other products to Africa in exchange for Slaves. From there, the slaves were taken to Brazil and the Caribbean and sold for profit or sold for sugar and molasses to take back to the U.S where then the sugar and molasses was sold to rum makers. In general, the slave trade was horrific and inhumane, however, it is the reason that the U.S and Brazil were able to maintain a steady economy. Although there were many similarities between the Brazilian slaves and the U.S slaves, there were quite a few specific differences as well. One of the largest differences in slavery between Brazil and the U.S was demographic. Generally speaking, the Brazilian slaves were usually decreasing while the U.S slaves were usually increasing. This is due to several reasons. First, the Brazilians had a much lower proportion of female slaves compared to the U.S who had an equal sex ratio. In Brazil, due to the lack of female slaves, they had a much lower birth rate then the U.S did. Both the death rate and suicide rate was also higher in Brazil compared to the U.S. Due to the low birthrate and the high death rate, Brazil had tr ouble to maintain a population resulting in having to continuously import slaves. On the other hand, the average number of children born to an early 19th century U.S slave woman was 9.2; this is twice as many as Brazil and the Caribbean. All these reasons are why BrazilShow MoreRelatedThe Abolition of Slavery in Brazil1102 Words   |  5 PagesThe Abolition of Slavery in Brazil, 13 May 1888 Next year sees the 120th anniversary of the abolition of slavery in Brazil. Some contemporary writers saw the period as an horrific maltreatment of our fellow human beings while others saw through this and viewed the patriarchal and familial advantages that society, especially slaves received. Whichever way one sees it, the period before its abolition saw a huge boost in Brazil’s economy, mainly down to its vast manpower – 37% of all African slavesRead MoreSlavery and The Tropicalia Movement in Brazil1025 Words   |  4 Pageswere taken from Ghana, Nigeria, Angola, Congo and Mozambique to be forced into slavery in Brazil’s sugar plantations and mining industries. The slave trade was eradicated in 1850, and by 1871 the Brazilian legislature passed the Law of the Free Womb. This law was designed to grant freedom to slave’s newborn children and served as a precursor to the abolition of slavery in 1888. They made home for themselves in Brazil, as it had the l argest amount of African diaspora. Former slaves and their descendantsRead MoreSlavery And Self Identification : The United States And Brazil2955 Words   |  12 PagesProfessor Lakeyta Bonnette POLS 4165 2 February 2015 Slavery and Self Identification in the United States and Brazil Throughout the history of the colonized Americas you will find that slavery played a large role in the success of the countries specifically the United States. With slavery becoming so prominent within the United States we often ignore that most Africans involved in Trans- Atlantic Slave Trade were taken to Brazil. Although Brazil may have one of the largest population of black/ AfricanRead MoreThe Treatment Of Negro Slaves Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesSlavery in the Americas was widespread and differed from each location. The use and treatment of slave in Brazil especially has been the topic of discussion among historians for decades. Brazilian slave owners used slaves in their houses, on the streets, and on plantations. Slavery in Brazil has been debated by historians since abolition. Scholars have argued over the treatment of slaves, the extensiveness of slave use, and the slave trade. The arguments made by historians have changed throughoutRead MoreReligious Practices Of Afric an Culture Essay1405 Words   |  6 PagesAmericas through the practice of healing, Sweet presents some evidence that indicate the influence that the practice of African healing had in colonial Brazil. In this brief analysis, I will discuss two aspects of that evidence, one in the system of slavery, and two in the practice of religion. Sweet tells us that in colonial Brazil, slavery was the backbone of the economy, particularly in Pernambuco, the place where Domingos first arrive. Eventually, slaves constituted the economic engine†Read MoreAfric A Free Trade Zone984 Words   |  4 Pagesproblem with that, was that it was in the middle of Africa and very difficult to access. Many people would die before they even reached the Congo due to diseases such as Malaria. Heart of Darkness is a book by Joseph Conrad where Conrad depicts how slavery and imperialism go hand in hand. In this book there is a man named Marlow, who was an adventurer, and he wanted to explore the Congo. His aunt told lies which were able to get him on a boat as the captain . Imperialism is when a country tries to extendRead MoreThe Brazilian Cycle1732 Words   |  7 PagesThe Brazilian Cycle The act of slavery has been embedded into the foundation of Brazil for centuries. However, it is this past which contributes to the present, and provides the identity of the common Brazilian. Even in its destructive manner, the origin and cultures of the slaves, which built Brazil, are now the forces which unite a nation. The cycle of slavery in Brazil is exemplified by several events. For example, the Tupi-Guarani people. Before the influx of the Portuguese in 1500, this clanRead MorePast Influences that Marked Brazils Contemporary Society1679 Words   |  7 Pagestheir political power as a united front, instead, the neoliberal belief of market power replacing citizenship power stratified the population based on capital. What all people of Brazil have in common is their citizenship and under the constitution, each citizen is entitled to equal access in the political realm. Brazil attempts to achieve this by requiring everyone to cast an opinion in the form of a vote. â€Å"Citizenship has provided common ground and an articulatory principle for an immense diversityRead MoreAnalysis Of Katia M. De Quieros Mattoso915 Words   |  4 Pages In this engaging book, Katia M. de Quierà ³s Mattoso, one of Brazil’s most well-known social historians gives the general reader with an overall summary of slavery in Brazil, from the beginning of captivity until the end of a slave’s life. The notable difference between this book and others on Brazilian slavery is the viewpoint the author gives from the eyes of a slave, humanizing a topic that is usually referred to as an though it were business rather than an oppressed mass of human beings. OriginallyRead MoreAfrican Slave Trade1029 Words   |  5 Pagesdependent on Africans† only after relying on white indentured servants and Native American labour first. Some American colonies, the source writes, even never used African labour. These are three facts the source lists to prove that Africanization of slavery in the Americas was not inevitable. B: Source D is portraying the effect of Atlantic slave trade on Africa, Europe and only North America. The cartoon depicts a pile of gold stacked on the continent of Europe and North America, and African is shown

Powerful Brand for Establish Emerging Business Organization

Question: How to establish a powerful brand? Explain. Answer: In the present world of competitive market, it is highly important for an emerging business organization, like SmartSpark, to establish itself as a powerful brand, in order to achieve maximum profit at the end of the year. SmartSpark is an e-commerce company that was being founded in 2009 in USA. Headquartered in Washington, the company mainly deals with the production of books and goods of personal care. However, for increasing the brand value of the company, a traditional as well as an innovative approach is required. In order to promote a product effectively in the market, SmartSpark must adopt the Marketing Mix strategy. The price of a product plays a vital role. If SmartSpark is introducing a new product, it should provide discount, offers and vouchers, to attract a greater number of consumers, to try out the new product. Since there are various new international online retailers, SmartSpark will be likely to face strong competition. Hence, SmartSpark must introduce competitive prices and new discounts, vouchers and attractive offers for its potential consumers. The products sold by the company, must also have distinctly innovative qualities that shall set the products apart from its rival organizations. SmartSpark must opt for greater diversification of its product, and hence it should start offering greater number of products, apart from books, electronic goods, and goods of personal care. This will help in the expansion of the market, and creation of new consumers. Further, since SmartSpark has already evolved itself to become a well recognized brand, it should introduce more products under its own brand name. This will help Smartspark achieve greater recognition and brand awareness among the masses. As far as the promotion strategy is concerned, the company must promote its products, via the social media channels, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc. that helps a product reach out to the maximum number of consumers (Kotler et al., 2015).. Further, social media advertisement, can help an organization get in touch with new potential consumers, via word of mouth publicity. In addition to this, the organization can also reach out to a huge number of people, and deal with the co mplaints or feedbacks or inquiries of the existent consumers, via text messages and emails. Uploading interesting promotional videos on YouTube, publishing well-written articles on the innovative features of the product are also interesting ways of promotion. The commercials to be aired on television must be interesting with some catchy, creative taglines that can easily attract the attention of the young consumers. (Tuten and Solomon, 2014) . Reference List: Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L., Armstrong, G. (2015).Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. Tuten, T. L., Solomon, M. R. (2014).Social media marketing. Sage.

Merchant Of Venice Essays (614 words) - Shylock,

Merchant of Venice Merchant of Venice The secular and religious views of both, Antonio and Shylock, were portrayed very bluntly. The religious opinions of both characters were that their religion was superior to infidels and also very stereotypical. In the business world, Antonio owned ships with valuable goods and was extremely generous. He always relied on their return to shore and expressed his faith in this book. On the other hand, Shylock was a greedy man and used the Bible for sources of interest to collect more money. Relating to religious views Antonio and Shylock were very parallel, but in means of business the two were reverses. "I[Shylock] hate [Antonio] for he is a Christian. . . [Antonio] hates our sacred nation." This phrase said by Shylock, a Jew, is based on the beliefs of other Jews upon other Christians. Shylock is being very stereotypical because Shylock doesn't really know Antonio, Shylock heard of Jew-hating Christians, so he thinks that all Christians hate Jews. Antonio happens to be a great man and Shylock didn't even give him a chance, he just hates Antonio for being of different religion. "The Hebrew[Shylock] will turn Christian; he grows kind." Antonio says this, thinking that no Jews are kind, emphasizing naiveness. Then Antonio sees the Hebrew, Shylock, becomes amiable, so he believes that's impossible. So Antonio interprets the scenario as Shylock being Christianized, because he is becoming generous. This quotation shows how Antonio thinks that his religion, Christianity, is superior to Judaism. The previous quotation illustrated how Shylock was stereotypical about Christians. Both characters have similar beliefs about other religions. "Why, fear not, man, I will not for felt it! Within these three months- that's a month before this bond expires-I do expect, return of thrice three times the value of this bond." This phrase was said by Antonio assuring Shylock that his ship with all his goods will return with the interest that Antonio owes Shylock for borrowing money. This shows Antonio's trust in his ship even though there were strong winds and high chances that his ship will be overturned. Antonio is very naive about the real world of business and no matter what happens he thinks he will be successful. On the other hand, Shylock is a wise business man, but very greedy. These characteristics are displayed in the following quotation: "Mark what Jacob did . . . and in the doing of the deed of kind [Laban] struck them up before the fulsome ewes, who then conceiving did in eaning time fullparti-colored lambs, and those were Jacob's. This was a way to thrive, and he was blest; and thrift is blessing if men steal it not." When Shylock gave Antonio a loan, he charged him interest justified by the story in the Bible mentioned before. Shylock compares Antonio to Laban, both being kind, therefore both must be givers of interest. My view is that Shylock puts himself on the level of Jacob, a righteous man, showing his egotistical character. His greedy personality is expressed when Shylock finds sources of interest in a farfetched manner. In truth, this passage is an act of kindness, stressing Shylock's characteristic of being narrow minded. Antonio and Shylock are very similar people as well as opposites. Both, as proven in the story, are against the infidels to their religion and believe that their religion is the superior one. In terms of business, Antonio is generous, being willing to give thrice the loan, and Shylock is greedy, by asking for three times the loan. Antonio agrees to the deal, being very naive that his ship will return safely, and Shylock is very clever, but sneaky, in terms of this deal. While Antonio's perspectives on the secular and religious world are very naive, Shylock makes judgements based on first impressions. Antonio and Shylock showing their good qualities, suggest that men may look perfect, but deep inside, they acquire negative characteristics.

SHRED case analysis Essays

SHRED case analysis Essays SHRED case analysis Paper SHRED case analysis Paper Hal was appointed to lead an accountant team on November 15 His Job was to report the audit progress There are typically 4 positions in an audit team: Partner-in-charge: overall the most responsible one Manager: supervises the whole auditing process In-charge-senior: carries out the auditing plan Staff members: perform tasks Frank is the partner-in-charge Although very unfamiliar, Hal becomes one of the four seniors, but after Richard signs, Hal becomes in-charge-senior, Audit report needs to be done by January 15 There were many statements that couldnt be provided to Hal. Hal and Linda both encounter unusual items. Step 3: Write the problem statement. A. First list the symptoms of the overall problem thats causing the symptoms. The other senior auditors act in their own way rather than together. Frank has poor work ethics. Franks work ethics affects the whole auditing process The deadline is near. B. Then name the mall underlying Issue?the core problem Due to Franks poor work integrity, it affects Halls job and position as the in-charge- Enron. C. Write the problem statement. State the most significant problem in 3 to 5 sentences. Hal, the auditing In-charge-senior of Reheard Company, was assigned to audit the ABA Group Ltd. As a result of Franks, the partner-in-charge, poor work ethics, Halls position as the in-charge-senior and the whole assignment gets jeopardized. Hal must approach Frank within the next day to straighten things out and to talk to him about the teams findings, otherwise, Halls positions, the firm, and ABA will face bad consequences. Step 4: State an objective for the manager Involved. Short-term objective (s): 1. To straighten things out with Frank 2. To present the teams findings and to make sure the auditing team is on the same page. Long-term objective (s): 10 present a stressful rep 2. To work together as a team. Rotor Step 5: Identify and rank order critical issues (underlying issues) related to the problem. Were focusing on one underlying issue in many cases, but there can be more than one. 1. Due to Franks poor work ethics, it affects Halls Job and position as the in-charge-senior. 2. The team is not working together, nor are they on the same page. 3. An audit report for the ABA is due on January 15. Step 6: Consider relevant information (facts) and underlying assumptions related to the problem. The other senior auditors act in their own way rather than together. Frank has poor work ethics. Step 7: List possible solutions to the problem. 1 . ) Hal can go ahead report his findings Advantages It will deal with the situation with Frank The right thing would be done/work ethics and integrity. Disadvantages It makes him a little tattle tale for exposing Frank It will make the auditing group look bad, as if they can not work together. Possible Outcomes Best: The group changes and works with integrity. Most Likely: The Frank situation will be dealt with. Least Likely: The group will look bad. 2. ) Hal can go along with his teams report There will be a report to present to ABA Even though the Frank situation wont be brought to attention, it will make the group look as if they worked together, professionally. Disadvantages It is not the right thing to do Frank will continue to act like this Best: ABA will never find out about the issues regarding Frank Most Likely: They will have something to present to ABA Least Likely: ABA find out about all the issues happening within the auditing group step B: select ten Test solution. I think the best solution for Hal is to report his own findings. With work, integrity and having good work ethics is absolutely important. It is important for the own individual and of course the company. Frank might thinks that he is benefiting from it, but it really is going to affects him. Not only does it affect him, but it also affects his colleagues, the ABA, and Reheard Company. Step 9: Decide how to implement the solution. Hal should talk to Frank personally first. If that does not work I think Hal should bring the attention to maybe the boss of Reheard Company. It might make Hal seem like a tattle tale, but at the end of the day it is really about doing the right thing. Step 10: Explain how to communicate the solution. Hal should talk to Frank first and try to hash out the problem. They should discuss about his findings and then try to solve it right then and there. Hopefully Frank will change and see what the better choice and route is for him, the company, and his colleagues.

Make Potassium Chlorate From Bleach and Salt Substitute

Make Potassium Chlorate From Bleach and Salt Substitute Potassium chlorate is an important potassium compound that can be used as an oxidizer, disinfectant, source of oxygen, and component in pyrotechnics and chemistry demonstrations. You can make potassium chlorate from common household bleach and salt substitute. The reaction is not particularly efficient, but its something to keep in mind if you need potassium chlorate right away or just want to know how to make it. Key Takeaways: Make Potassium Chlorate From Bleach and Salt Substitute Potassium chlorate is used as an oxidizer, disinfectant, and colorant (purple) in chemistry demonstrations and fireworks projects.While its not the most efficient chemical reaction, its simple to make potassium chlorate by boiling bleach, cooling it, and mixing in a saturated solution of salt substitute in water.The synthesis works because potassium from the salt substitute displaces sodium from the sodium chlorate made by boiling the bleach. The product is sodium chloride and potassium chlorate. Since potassium chlorate is not very soluble in water, it precipitates and may be collected by filtration. Materials for Making Potassium Chlorate You only need two ingredients to synthesize potassium chlorate: Chlorine bleachPotassium chloride (sold as a salt substitute)Filter paper or coffee filter Take care to check the label on the salt substitute to make certain the ingredient is just potassium chloride. While salt substitute is potassium chloride, lite salt is a mixture of sodium chloride (table salt) and potassium chloride. The reason this project works is because potassium replaces sodium in sodium chlorate. Basically, you need to make certain you are supplying the potassium. While it shouldnt be significant, keep in mind household bleach has a shelf life. If your bottle of bleach has been opened and stored a long time, its a good idea to get a fresh one for the project. Prepare Potassium Chlorate Boil a large volume (at least a half liter) of chlorine bleach, just until crystals start to form. Do this outdoors or under a fume hood, to avoid inhaling the vapor. Boiling bleach disproportionates sodium hypochlorite into sodium chloride and sodium chlorate.3 NaClO → 2 NaCl NaClO3As soon as crystals start to form, remove the bleach from heat and allow it to cool.In a separate container, prepare a saturated solution of potassium chloride by stirring potassium chloride into the water until no more will dissolve.Mix equal volumes of the boiled bleach solution and potassium chloride solution, taking care to keep solids from either solution out of the mixture. This is a substitution or single replacement reaction. The two products are separated based on solubility. Potassium chlorate will precipitate out, leaving sodium chloride in solution.KCl NaClO3 → NaCl KClO3Cool the solution in the freezer to increase the potassium chlorate yield.Filter the mixture through filter paper or a coffee filter. Keep the solid potassium chlorate; discard the sodium chloride solution. Allow the potassium chlorate to dry before storing or using it. NurdRage has a video of the process if youd prefer to see how its done. Potassium chlorate is used in fireworks as an oxidizer and to produce a purple flame. Teeraphon Phooma / EyeEm / Getty Images You can test the potassium chlorate in a simple chemistry demonstration: Purple Fire (shown) - Mix potassium chlorate and half as much sugar. Ignite the mixture either by applying a flame or adding a few drops of sulfuric acid (instant chemical fire).Dancing Gummi Bear - The candy is the source of the sugar in this demonstration. The vigorous reaction between the candy bear and the potassium chlorate makes the bear appear to dance in purple fire. Other uses of potassium chlorate include safety matches, fireworks, disinfectants, pesticides, firearm primer, and to force plant blooming. It is also a good starting point to prepare oxygen gas or chlorine gas. Safety Tips This is a project that should be performed with responsible adult supervision. Undiluted bleach can cause skin irritation and damage eyes and mucous membranes if splashed. Heating bleach should be done outdoors or under a fume hood, as irritating vapors are released. Finally, keep the potassium chlorate collected in this project away from heat or flame until you are ready to use it. It should be stored away from sulfuric acid and sulfur, as spontaneous ignition may occur.

Ways In Which Forces Within The Macro Marketing Environment Affect The Essay

Ways In Which Forces Within The Macro Marketing Environment Affect The Companys Ability To Market Its Products Successfully. Royal Bank of Scotland - Essay Example Marketing includes all the activities of the organization which are geared at identifying market opportunities, satisfying the customer needs and gaining competitive edge in the industry while at the same time maintaining an acceptable level of profitability (Kotler 2003). Financial services include the satisfactions and benefits which are connected to the functions of money which customers receive from the financial institutions. They include bank accounts, debit cards, loans, and mortgage facilities and other financial related value like interest payable and capital appreciation of the bank deposits (Kotler 2003). The development of financial services marketing has been slow due to the unique nature of the services. Financial services are perishable, inseparable and lack standardization in the service performance. This paper shall discuss the strategies which Royal Bank of Scotland in overcoming the challenges of financial services marketing. The paper shall also address the macro marketing environment forces which affect the banks ability to market the financial services (Kotler 2003). The paper shall also review the market segmentation approaches which the bank has implemented. In the final part, the paper shall discuss some components of the banks marketing mix and how the bank has incorporated them in the marketing mix. Question 1: Strategies used by Royal Bank of Scotland in financial services marketing Financial services have certain unique features which presents challenges to the marketing team. Financial services are characterized by intangibility, heterogeneity, fiduciary responsibility, and contingent consumption, duration of consumption, perishability and inseparability of the services from the consumer. Financial services are intangible since they cannot be seen or touched by the consumer. In dealing with intangibility challenge, the Royal Bank of Scotland provides physical evidence to the consumer by providing debit and credit cards to the consu mers (Kotler 2003). The bank also gives cheque books to the consumers and ensures the staffs are properly dressed and present themselves professionally while dealing with the customers. The bank also emphasis on the benefits of its services like low interest rates in order to reduce the customer perceived risk (Kotler 2003). The bank has overcome the intangibility challenge by building good working relationships with al customers hence this helps in attaining customer loyalty. Financial services marketing experiences the problem of inseparability since they are produced and consumed at the same time in presence of the consumer and the service provider (Kotler 2003). Royal Bank of Scotland has implemented s

A case study of Manchester United Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A case study of Manchester United - Essay Example Away from the pitch, the club also scores high in financial matters being worth around 1.13 billion pounds (IBN live, 2014, Para 2). The two most valued coaches in the history of Manchester United are sir Matt Busby and the legendary sir Alex Ferguson. Busby was the coach when the Munich air disaster happened, but survived and embarked on an endeavor to rebuild the team back to its competitive form. Busby resigned in 1969 and from then no other coach ever came close to his success until the entry of sir Alex Ferguson in 1986. The club has been successful for building on its strengths and focusing on its competencies for continued growth. The paper in this discussion will look at the strengths of the club, its competencies, a market analysis and strategic options in the next five years. Infrastructure- the theatre of dreams this is one of the largest all seater stadium in the English premier league. It can accommodate over 75,000 people and has been used for other purposes away from football. For a team that has been successful in the history of English football, Manchester United certainly has various strengths built over time. It is through capitalizing on its strengths and competencies that this team has been capable of rising to its current state. Through a SWOT analysis, these are the different strengths that Manchester United has built over time. Manchester United has built a global brand all over the world through creating a wide fan base. The club has over time moved from just a football team to a brand, focusing on consciousness around the world. Asia has long been a proud supporter of the team with the region providing the largest number of fans. Building this brand includes visits to Asia and other regions such as North America as they continue to build the Manchester brand. The club has turned fan’s passion into brand loyalty, and the justifying factor is profits (Kirsten, 2002, 14) The period of 1990-2012 has seen the rise

Olivio Assignment Business Law Essay Example for Free

Olivio Assignment Business Law Essay After reading the above and based on the definition of larceny in the text, is if fair to convict a person for larceny if he did not leave the premises without paying for the property in his possession? Does intent to deprive have anything to do with the outcome of a case of larceny? What do you think? Also, should the penalty for larceny vary, depending on where the individual is caught or the dollar value of the good taken? Explain According to NYS penal law (155. 05), â€Å"A person steals property and commits larceny when, with intent to deprive another of property or to appropriate the same to himself or to a third person, he wrongfully takes, obtains or withholds such property from an owner thereof†. So I believe it is fair to convict a person for larceny even if he or she did not actually leave the premises without paying for the property in his or her possession. In the case of Olivio, the story clearly stated that he stopped to look around several times, which confirms that his motive was indeed to steal the merchandise- the story also stated that he ran right past the cash registers in order to make an exit with the merchandise which further confirms that he intended to take the merchandise without paying. Which shows intent to deprive.. I believe the penalty for larceny should vary depending on the dollar value of the merchandise that was taken- I however do not think that the penalty should vary according to where the individual is caught. Where the individual is caught is irrelevant- what matters is retrieving the merchandise and or property that was stolen and punishing the person who stole it.

Myth of Powerlessness :: essays research papers fc

Linda McQuaig's book, The Cult of Impotence: Selling the Myth of Powerlessness in the Global Economy, is a refreshing new approach to viewing the current state of global economy and Canada’s place in it. In recent years, such mysterious terms as fiscal deficits, natural rate of unemployment, stock market fluctuations, interest rate cuts and zero inflation and so on, have received an exceptional level of public consideration. Nevertheless, in spite of the now generally acceptable importance of the terms, their meaning an the effects of the domestic economic policies is left for the â€Å"professional† economists to analyze and present the public, as well as nation’s governing bodies with a list of remedies. Their guiding logic and principles are rarely questioned and more rarely fully understood. In such an environment, McQuaig has earned a wide audience for her writings by stripping away the aura of complexity from controversial economic issues and making them a ccessible and relevant to a general audience. Challenging the opinions of the â€Å"experts†, she is trying to bring back the debatable economic policies of the â€Å"global age† to democratic accountability. McQuaig is a notable journalist and a writer, who has written a number of books on the state of affairs that Canada’s economy is. Unlike her previous books that she has written ,discussing deficit reduction and cuts to social programs among others, this time she drifted away from the specifics and focused on our general view and acceptance of the economic processes. In the book, she attacks nation’s political passivity and acceptance of the believed fact that the domestic economy fully depends on the global market situation and that is should follow the trends. Trapped in this view, governments act as a victims to the global economic process and accepts an its people and impose this view on the electorate. Canada’s economic troubles is not unique. Although, Canada is enjoying a period of relative economic growth, and the level of unemployment is at its lowest level since April 1976 at 6.8% in January 2001 (Tam). However, these 6.8% still mean 1.1 million people jobless. McQuaig argues that combating the unemployment should be the number one national economic policy, at times at the expense of the corporate and governmental financial institutions and currency speculators. The fiscal conservatism of Bank of Canada under Gordon Thiessen, the bank’s governor, and anti-inflationism which have become, it seems, the idà ©e fixe for most state financiers became a source of tremendous political apathy, hindering the capacity of elected officials to carry through on their more progressive and egalitarian campaign promises.

How to Improve Your English

Language plays and important role in human life. Out of all the languages in the world, English is considered as the international language. And me as an immigrant I think it’s very important to work on improving my English skills in order to communicate with people easier, get more job opportunities, and most importantly to get into college. There are plenty of ways to improve your English. To improve your English conversation and oral skills you should watch American movies and T. V. shows with English subtitles, and try to really listen!You should also try and communicate as much as you can and don’t be shy of your accent or your lack of grammar, just know that you’re doing this for the best and to have better English in the future. Personally that helped me a lot and I would strongly advise any person who’s looking to improve their English to use this method. Now if you want to improve your reading skills, just simply, read! Read anything and everythin g in English. You can read story books, newspapers, magazines, blogs, comics, English textbooks, instructions and ingredients on food packages, advertisements or even online articles if you want.Honestly, in our days just going on the internet can be a lot of reading, and with the internet being most in English, it would be a very good and fun way for you to improve your reading and reading speed. However, always remember, do something, anything. Just don’t do nothing, because if you don’t do anything, you will not get anywhere. Don't be in too much of a hurry though. You're setting off on a long journey and there'll be delays and frustrations along the way. Sometimes you'll be in the fast lane and other times you'll be stuck in traffic, just take your time to really enjoy the experience.

Nutrition and Carbohydrates Essay

In today’s society everyone is looking for the next best thing, there are all kinds of fad diets out there that are consistently making outrageous promises to consumers. The latest in the fad diet trend is the â€Å"Low Carbohydrate/High Protein† diet. To break it down simply  proteins are needed to help the body to grow and repair while carbohydrates provide energy. Both are needed in order for a person to remain healthy, which is why fad diets that promote one over the other are harmful to our bodies. Fad diets such as the â€Å"low carb/high protein† diet tend to have one thing in common. They promote the exaggerated benefits of their program and show unrealistic results all while telling the consumer that their diet is the best, the safest, or the most natural diet available. What they fail to make known are the potential health problems that going on crash or fad diets can cause. Fad diets such as the â€Å"low carb/high protein diet† all have well documented risks that should not be overlooked when doing research on weight loss. Are low carb/high protein diets and the rapid weight loss they promise worth the potential harm we could be doing to our bodies in the long run? On a daily basis we decide what we are going to put into our bodies with the knowledge that what we choose to eat affects the body in different ways. Carbohydrates are one of the crucial macronutrients that perform an essential role in fueling the human body. They provide the body with energy and in order for the body to use carbohydrates for energy food must undergo digestion, absorption, and glycolysis. It is recommended that 55 to 60 percent of our caloric intake come from carbohydrates. It is important to keep in mind that there are different types of Carbohydrates. There are good and there are also bad carbohydrates and it is up to us to choose which ones to digest as part of a healthy diet. Eating a healthy diet would ideally include Carbohydrates but it is possible for the body to exist without them. Certain diet programs suggest cutting out Carbohydrates all together in order to lose weight. It is up to the consumer to decide to include Carbs in their diet or accept the potential risks of cutting them out completely. There are simple Carbohydrates which are most commonly referred to as blood sugar are found in sugared sodas, pastries, and high processed foods. Then there are complex Carbs which are composed of starch, glycogen, and dietary fiber. These types of Carbs are commonly found in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. The starch represents the digestible carbohydrate that gets broken down in order to release sugar into the bloodstream to produce energy. Glycogen is similar to starch but, the primary storage site in the human body is the liver and the muscles. Proteins are equally as important as Carbohydrates and play a critical role in keeping the body healthy. There are many health benefits that come from including protein in your diet. The body needs to ingest enough protein to help with tissue repair if you sustain an injury. Proteins help the body to fight off illness and disease and also keep the immune system functioning properly. Our bodies can produce almost every amino acid needed to remain healthy but there are nine amino acids that our bodies cannot produce. Therefore we must obtain these nine amino acids by keeping a balanced diet that is high in protein. Though they are becoming more and more popular, â€Å"High Protein, Low Carbohydrate Diets† have their pros and cons. When protein levels become escalated due to high amounts of saturated fats such as those found in animal products, problems may occur. These problems could eventually lead to heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and several types of cancer. Restricting Carbohydrates from your diet is essentially cutting off the fuel from your brain, heart, and other organs thus depriving the body of what it needs to function. Diets that advocate cutting Carbohydrates count on the fact that your body will go into a different metabolic state called ketosis, in order to lose weight. When the body is in Ketosis it begins to pull energy from the carbon fragments that the breakdown of fat creates. The beginning stages of ketosis can be recognized easily as the consumer begins to feel less hungry and the weight starts to come off rapidly. Though this seems like an optimal outcome, restricting Carbohydrates could lead to health problems such as kidney failure or kidney stones. The issues associated with protein packed diets are that often times once the consumer decides to stop the diet, the weight they lost is rapidly regained, leading to a potentially dangerous cycle of â€Å"yo-yo dieting. † Diets such as these can place you at risk for certain deficiencies. Sometimes too little or too much of something may result in poor health which is why balance is so important. Eating a low carbohydrate diet has adverse side effects such as headaches, bad breath, constipation, muscle weakness, and feelings of fatigue. The effects of not having of not having complex carbohydrates result from restricting plant based foods, which are in phytochemicals and antioxidants and these chemicals offer protection against diseases. The healthy solution is choosing fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and beans as your carbohydrate source since these contain vitamins, nutrients, and fiber that our bodies need. Consuming high protein diets consisting of red meats or other high fat food are linked to high cholesterol. The benefits of a healthy and balanced diet should include high energy levels, internal organs working properly, and overall physical and mental good health. With the United States being at the forefront of the obesity epidemic, many have turned to fad diets as a solution, without concern for the potential risks. Comparatively to living a natural and holistic lifestyle, dieting has been proven to be ineffective and detrimental in the long run. Throughout history diets have been proven to be unreliable and at times unsafe, which is why it is so important to understand that having a healthy well-balanced diet is the key to weight management and overall good health.

Blood transfusion essays

Blood transfusion essays A blood transfusion is the removing of blood or blood blood-based products from the blood stream an inserting it into another circulatory system to replenish lost or damaged blood. blood transfusions can be extremely dangerous when not held in the correct environment with trained professionals. Blood transfusions can treat medical conditions such as massive blood loss or damaged blood cells. Every year more than 4 million Americans receive blood transfusion. Usually only a part of the blood is used but Im some cases all may be used though this is quiet rare. Blood transfusions are used to treat patients that have: Anemia (where the blood cant carry sufficient amount of oxygen around the body) When the host has insufficient plantlets in the body and are unable to stop the flowing of blood. When the immune system is not strong enough to fight some diseases. Many people who receive blood fear the danger of spreading of diseases into there system this should be extremely rare when held in the proper environment and tested though mistakes made be done or diseases may pass the test without being detected. Before the transfusion can be undertaken the donor and the receiver must be typed. The blood received must be compatible with the blood in the receivers body because the body may reject the blood cells. The blood is stored in specially made plastic bags and must be stored in a temperature of about 4c. Blood banks can be found all around the world for you to donate your to and save many lifes. ...

Leonardo da Vinci Quotes From the Inventor and Artist

Leonardo da Vinci Quotes From the Inventor and Artist Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was a respected and honored genius of the Renaissance era, and an Italian painter and inventor. His observations of the world around him were well-documented in his numerous sketchbooks, which  still impress us to this day for both their artistic and scientific brilliance. As a painter, Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (1495) and Mona Lisa (1503). As an inventor, Leonardo was fascinated by the promise of mechanical flight and designed flying machines that were centuries ahead of their time. On Flight For once you have tasted flight you will walk the earth with your eyes turned skywards, for there you have been and there you will long to return. Motivation It had long since come to my attention that people of accomplishment rarely sat back and let things happen to them. They went out and happened to things.I have been impressed with the urgency of doing. Knowing is not enough; we must apply. Being willing is not enough; we must do.Men of lofty genius when they are doing the least work are most active.As every divided kingdom falls, so every mind divided between many studies confounds and saps itself.Learning never exhausts the mind.I have wasted my hours.All sciences are vain and full of errors that are not born of experience, the mother of all knowledge.The acquisition of knowledge is always of use to the intellect, because it may thus drive out useless things and retain the good. For nothing can be loved or hated unless it is first known.Iron rusts from disuse; stagnant water loses its purity and in cold weather becomes frozen; even so does inaction sap the vigor of the mind. So we must stretch ourselves to the very limits of human p ossibility. Anything less is a sin against both God and man. Engineering Invention Human subtlety will never devise an invention more beautiful, more simple or more direct than does nature because in her inventions nothing is lacking, and nothing is superfluous.The human foot is a masterpiece of engineering and a work of art.Although nature commences with reason and ends in experience, it is necessary for us to do the opposite, that is to commence with experience and from this to proceed to investigate the reason.Every now and then go away, have a little relaxation, for when you come back to your work your judgment will be surer. Go some distance away because then the work appears smaller and more of it can be taken in at a glance and a lack of harmony and proportion is more readily seen. Philosophy The truth of things is the chief nutriment of superior intellects.Just as courage imperils life, fear protects it.Nature never breaks her own laws.I love those who can smile in trouble, who can gather strength from distress, and grow brave by reflection. Tis the business of little minds to shrink, but they whose heart is firm, and whose conscience approves their conduct, will pursue their principles unto death.Study without desire spoils the memory, and it retains nothing that it takes in.Patience serves as a protection against wrongs as clothes do against cold. For if you put on more clothes as the cold increases, it will have no power to hurt you. So in like manner you must grow in patience when you meet with great wrongs, and they will then be powerless to vex your mind. Misattributions The following are common quotes attributed to  Leonardo da Vinci; however, he just did not say them. I have from an early age abjured the use of meat, and the time will come when men such as I will look upon the murder of animals as they now look upon the murder of men. Unfortunately these are not the words of Leonardo. They were written by Russian author Dmitry Sergeyevich Merezhkovsky (Russian, 1865-1941) in his historical fiction titled  The Romance of Leonardo da Vinci. Source:  Was Leonardo a Vegetarian? Life is pretty simple: You do some stuff. Most fails. Some works. You do more of what works. If it works big, others quickly copy it. Then you do something else. The trick is the doing something else. And that gem of a quote was made by  Tom Peters in his article  The Best Corporate Strategy?

The New Media, and New Forms of Communications Essay

The New Media, and New Forms of Communications - Essay Example According to studies, over sixty percent U.S households have a personal computer and more than fifty percent have access to internet. Considering this spread of modern communication devices, it seems necessary to look into their effects on communication and other social spheres. This study intends to look into various scholarly works on the issue ranging from the positive and negative impacts of modern means of communication on society, especially on young ones. The Positive Side of Modern Means of Communication There are various advantages of the use of these modern means of communication according to scholars. In the opinion of Matusitz (2007), it is the best way of communication for the people who are intimidated by others’ expression. According to him, people who are generally shy and reserved in face-to-face interaction tend to communicate naturally on internet (Matusitz). A similar opinion comes from Wakefield and Rice too; according to them, cyber communication is an ef fective way for those children who might not otherwise be confident to communicate. Another point as put forward by Matusitz (2007) is that internet helps conquer the geographical barriers too. ... An obvious benefit pointed out by Matusitz (2007) is that internet leads to the disappearance of the barriers erected by society and geography. It is evident that the people who do not have a chance to interact in their physical world can easily remain in touch through the modern means of communication. Thus, in the opinion of Wakefield and Rice (2008), by integrating internet with communication, students become able to share knowledge, personal perspectives, and experiences effectively. In addition, there comes the finding that the modern ways lead to more social interaction as people who spend time in the ‘digital realm’ tend to make tons of friends (Matusitz, 2007). Furthermore, there comes the finding that the development of virtual communities using modern means like internet helps improve the psychological wellbeing of people. This claim is based on the ideology that such virtual communities help sharing of interests, principles and beliefs. Thus, for those who fac e physical barriers, the virtual society gives a ‘sense of social interaction, and belonging’ (Matusitz , 2007). Almost the same notion comes from Wakefield and Rice; according to them, more and more youth are using internet as the main source of self-help. For purposes ranging from medical condition, support groups, and other issues that require emotional support, internet has become the best and easiest way. While other people work on the sociological and psychological benefits of modern means of communication, Janko (2002) looks into how the quality of information passed improves when modern means of communication are used; according to him, by using

The Ever-Evolving Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Ever-Evolving Organization - Essay Example This paper will discuss the reasons that necessitate organizational change.There are numerous causes, which may lead to organizational change. First, change in the political system can attribute to change in an organization. According to empirical research, most of the employees who work in government offices are usually discontinued whenever a change occurs in the political system. These changes in the political system can create a radical change in various departmental affairs. Secondly, structural change can also justify the organizational change. This occurs when administrative processes are introduced in an organization. In this case, old superfluous processes are normally replaced by new ones and the staff members are also required to get instructions regarding the operation of the new systems (MBA Knowledgebase, 2012). Thirdly, process orientation is also considered as one of the main reasons that necessitate organizational change. In this case, a company redefines its manufacturing procedure for logistical and warehousing operations. In fact, the structural shift in the creation of a product has a significant effect on organizational change. Fourthly, mergers and acquisitions can also affect the functioning of an organization. For instance, when two competing corporations merge in terms of performing business operations, the companies become streamlined and centralized. The merging of departments is one of the most recurrent causes of change in an organization (MBA Knowledgebase, 2012). The reasons mentioned above significantly attribute to change in organizations. In addition, multicultural cultures also cause severe dilemmas in organizations (Brett, Behfar & Kern, 2006). In conclusion, some of the other reasons that may necessitate an organization to initiate reform include the need to create better results. Senge asserts that learning institutions continually have to expand in order to sustain better results (Senge, Kleiner, Roberts, Roth, Ross & Smith, 1999). He also explains that the Systems Thinking Theory is critical in any learning institution. According to various researchers, The Dance of Change was documented to help the managerial staff and company executives to corporate with each other in order to change the ultimate force of an organization. This is viewed as the basic reason for conducting change in an organization. Â  

Case-note on R (onthe application of Nicklinson) v Ministry of Justice Essay

Case-note on R (onthe application of Nicklinson) v Ministry of Justice [2014] UKSC 38 - Essay Example such a case, autonomy refers to the capability and right to make a personal choice, and as such, in most circumstances people always act in denial of the legitimacy of choices especially in situations whereby there is a militate against autonomy1. A specific example applicable in such a case is the voluntary entry by an individual into drug addiction, or into slavery. Consequently, when one chooses suicide, he or she chooses not to be in a position to make any more choices. However, it is imperative to note that the choice of suicide is defendable before the courts of law. Nevertheless, the main argument that the choice of suicide in some cases promotes autonomy does not fit to enlist in the favour of the same because suicide still stands out as a course of death. Through this judgement, the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom substantially advanced the cause of individuals in the country who are keen on putting an end to their lives in a humane manner. In addition, it also created a precedent for other cases as a leading judgement within incompatibility declarations in the appreciation margin of the United Kingdom. Tony Nicklinson, the key player in this case, wanted to put an end to his life after getting tired of his illness which had paralysed him almost completely after he suffered a catastrophic stroke. However, the bone of contention in this case was that Nicklinson health condition could not permit him to end his life on his own. As such, his physical incapacity demanded that he seeks the help of another person in putting an end to his life, since he could not perform it without receiving help from other people except through self-starvation. Therefore, Nicklinson wished to receive assistance from others in order to commit his proposed suicide. Nevertheless, section 2 of the 1961 Suicide Act stood in the way of other people coming to his help to aid him commit suicide lawfully2. The suicide act says that an individual, â€Å"D† commits a legal offense

Consumer Segment Analysis of Mobile Phone Market

Consumer Segment Analysis of Mobile Phone Market Anthony Nolan Size of current Market According to the Commission for Communications Regulation (COMREG) (Q4, 2015), household broadband penetration rate for both fixed and mobile services was at 83% which is higher than the EU average by 3%. Mobile device minutes in communications stood at a massive 73.8% of the market, leaving on 26.2% for fixed line communications. Mobile minutes showed an increase of 1.4% from the previous quarter. There was an annual increase of 56.6% of mobile users actively using the 4G standard on the same period in 2014. Subscriptions to mobile networks increased by 0.36% on the previous quarter however broadband subscriptions saw a decrease of 4.5% on quarter three. This is probably due to many providers now bundling a broadband allowance in with subscription offers. Finally in the last quarter of 2015, average revenue per user was on a downward trend compared to the same quarter in 2014. Mobile users spent an average of  £24.62 per month in the final quarter compared to  £25.00 per month a year previously. Again, this is believed to be a result of package bundling affecting revenue intake according to ComReg (2015) Structure and Nature of the Current Market The four main mobile phone operators in Ireland are Vodafone, O2 (owned by the 3 network), Meteor and the 3 network stand-alone operator (separate from O2) (ComReg 2015). The five smaller providers available are PostPhone (An Post), Tesco Mobile, Dixons/Carphone Warehouse ID Mobile, LycaMobile Ireland and Blueface Mobile. All four (Vodafone, O2, Meteor and 3 Network) of the main providers purport to supply the following to consumers according to ComReg (2015): Prepay and post-pay services to both personal and business customer segments. Voice, SMS and data services to a stated 99% of the public, meaning they claim to have the whole of Ireland and outlying islands covered with their network signal. Each of the four main networks supply second generation (2G), third generation (3G) and fourth generation (4G) technology to their users. All five of the smaller mobile providers in Ireland (PostPhone, Tesco Mobile, Dixons/Carphone Warehouse ID Mobile, LycaMobile Ireland and Blueface Mobile) do not have their own infrastructure networks. Instead they utilise the current main network providers and rent a mobile virtual network operation (MVNO) which gives them the ability to offer their own branded retail service to consumers. Tesco Mobile Ireland has entered into an MVNO commercial arrangement with O2 (Hutchison 3 Ireland) to allow its traffic to be carried on the O2 network. Tesco Mobile Ireland is available to personal customers only. (ComReg 2015) An Post PostPhone has entered into an MVNO commercial arrangement with Vodafone to allow its traffic to be carried. Unlike other providers PostPhone does not have a unique prefix and instead effectively resells minutes carried from Vodafone and then differentiates (Re Brands) those minutes at the retail level. PostPhone is available to personal customers only. (ComReg 2015) Like Tesco Mobile Ireland, LycaMobile has an arrangement with O2 Ireland. LycaMobile offers by the minute rates and bundle packages for subscribers. They do not offer traditional pre-pay or bill pay options. (ComReg 2015) Blueface Mobile has entered into an MVNE (Mobile Virtual Network Enabler) with X-Mobility Limited, which is a sub-division of Hutchison 3 Ireland. Blueface sells both prepay and post-pay subscriptions to Business Only consumers. Like PostPhone, Blueface is reselling 3 Network minutes under its own brand. (ComReg 2015) Dixons/Carphone Warehouse ID Mobile is an MVNO of Hutchison 3 Ireland. ID offers a pay-monthly option which comes with a handset (Billpay) over a fixed term and also offers a sim-only thirty day rolling subscription. (Siliconrepublic, 2015) Expected Technological Trends for the next Decade (2016-2025) Looking to the future, there are some expected and some predicted advances that will be made. The list is not endless and some of the most useful advances are listed here: Cloud Storage: Right now cloud storage is available but Chris Nickson of atechnologysociety.co.uk predicts that ALL mobile phone storage in the future will be off-device. Everything from storing photographs and video to uploading video and audio from ones computer will go to the cloud. A potential fall off of people buying peripherals like SD Cards. Smaller hard drives on phones More space within the phone case leading to potentially smaller devices Software (Apps) installed and stored on the cloud Greater phone security through central servers (Cloud) Contacts stored on the cloud Access anywhere in the world Possible cost issues for finance required to upgrade cloud servers and security Cost savings on handset manufacture as a result of less hardware required within the handset. (Nickson, C. 2013) Solar powered handsets: In developing countries, solar power could conceivably actually charge the handset with the use of just a small solar panel. (Nick T, 2015) Augmented Reality (AR) One will be able to open the camera app and point it anywhere in the street to be shown a list of businesses and establishments on-screen overlaid on the display. (Poe, M. 2015) Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) technology. Wafer thin screens that can be folded and which can show different output media on either side. One could show a video to a friend on the back of the phone while inputting data on the front. Due to physical flexibility, this technology could also be worn as a wristwatch and taken off, and unfolded to become a mobile device. (Poe, M. 2015) In-Built Projector Mobile phones that can project images and/or video directly onto a wall or screen (Poe, M. 2015) 3D Screens and Holograms Making an image or video projection appear to be separate from the device actually emitting it. (Poe, M. 2015) 5G and beyond. Using less bandwidth than 4G Using less power than 4G Enabling a broader spectrum of frequency for connection Faster connection speeds to Internet (Gregory, M.A., 2015) Kinetic Thermal Power Using bodily movement and heat to recharge mobile devices (Levars, N. 2016) Discarded Mobile Phone Technology a problem: Developing countries like those in Africa are currently a dumping ground for the Worlds discarded mobile detritus. As we progress in the first world, these dumps will get larger and larger. A solution may be needed in the more distant future (Nickson, C. 2013) Demographic and Psychographic Description of the Younger Sub-Segment of the Consumer Market Currently, smartphone ownership is biased towards the younger age groups but with the increasing penetration in the market, this could very well change in the near future. (Red C, 2012) That survey by RED C was taken in 2012 and what was true then is doubly true today in 2016. Back in 2012 some 32% of Irish people owned a smart phone (Red C, 2012). Today that number has increased to 96% and that is just in one segment, the 15 to 35 year old bracket. (Thinkhouse Mobile, 2015) SO, what do people in the 18 to 25 year old segment use their smartphone for? According to the latest survey from Thinkhouse (2015), the Youth Communications Agency, the following statistics ring true: In 2015, the following uses were made of mobile phones from 18 to 25 year olds: Type of Mobile Phone Subscription: 56% of 18-25 Year Olds opted for Bill Pay subscriptions. 44% of 18-25 Year Olds opted for the Pay As You Go option General Use: 66% used for email 23% used on traditional SMS messaging (*Down from a peak of 66% in late 2011) 59% used for YouTube 30% used for online television from paid subscription sites such as Netflix or Love Film. Social Media Use: 92% of mobile phone users in the 18-25 year old demographic used their phones for Facebook 36% used for Twitter Commercial Use: 4% of people in this segment pay for online purchases on their mobile. The other 83% opted to pay on their computer. 13% did not conduct online purchases. 78% of people compared the price of products online before proceeding to buy the product in-store Content: 63% of this demographic prefer non-gaming apps. They prefer apps that serve a purpose for them. 37% of this demographic prefer to have fun while using apps, either playing games or watching entertainment (All data supplied by Thinkhouse Mobile Youth Survey 2015.pdf, except *, by ComReg, 2015) It is also stated in this review by Thinkhouse media that the primary use of a mobile phone for this segment is to send text messages. However this is contradictory to the research submitted by ComReg (above). ComReg state that SMS sending is down some 43% from 2011. The difference can be explained by the arrival of apps that send messages for free such as Facebook Messenger and Viber, among many others. (Inner-Active, 2011) Market Research Suggestion for the Next Five Years Tel-Eir should look to glean as much information as possible before deciding on phone tariffs, prices, bundles and pay as you go or bill pay options. As this company is starting out the first thing that needs to be known is, primarily what the publics appetite is for a new provider and secondarily what the public want from a new phone network provider. Whether Tel-Eir can deliver upon the publics desires will be a case of understanding the research results. Initial Research Method Having thought about the best types of research and studied many methods, it has been decided to advise Tel-Eir to carry out Personal Interviewing (Kotler et al, 2012) initially in order to get an understanding of what the public: Like about the currently available providers Dont like about the currently available providers Like to do on their handsets Are not bothered with doing on their handsets Think about the hardware and limitations of their handsets Would desire if they had the chance to choose option plans for a provider Think about the costs involved with owning a mobile phone Feel is the main reason for owning a mobile phone Would need to switch to a different network This information is required so that Tel-Eirs marketing staff can use the information on Buyer Decision Making processes to form an educated opinion of what angle to enter the market at. According to Donald S. Tull and Del I. Hawkins in their book, Marketing Research: Measurement and Method (1993), Personal Interviewing, while being expensive is the best way to glean a lot of information quickly. They state that Personal Interviewing: Is Excellent for Flexibility Is Excellent for Quantity of data received Good for control of sample Good for speed of data collection Good for response rate More expensive than other methods of collecting information By sending personal interviewers out into the busy thoroughfares of the five main Cities in Ireland, it is expected that a lot of accurate opinions can be acquired and from that information Tel-Eir will be better placed to formulate a strategy for market entry. Ongoing Research Going forward, it is believed that Tel-Eir should continuously keep an eye on both competitors movements and new offers in the market and also on the changing demographic that are purchasing its product. It is advised that every year, Tel-Eir should partake in: Sales Forecasting, to know what the future holds for people continuing to purchase new handsets and plans Ongoing Segmentation Research, to determine the demographic, psychographic, cultural, and behavioural characteristics of potential buyers. (Wikipedia, 2016) Brand Equity, in order to get a feel for what the public think of our brand Customer Satisfaction, in order to understand our current users feelings about our product Demand Estimation, so that Tel-Eir can plan ahead and possibly tweak the offers and bundles being made to the public Main Product Offering Having already completed some market research on current mobile phone network operators it is felt that Tel-Eir should not use a Mobile Virtual Network Operation (MVNO) in which Tel-Eir piggybacks upon a network that is currently owned by a larger company like Vodafone for example. Purchasing statistics for such network providers is not good and it is felt that only by gaining its own licence can Tel-Eir truly become competitive in the market. (Irish Independent, March 2016) According to research, Tel-Eirs targeting of the youth segment (18-25 Year olds) should include the following attributes: Both Bill Pay and Pay as you Go should be offered High End and Low End handsets should be offered Free Internet minutes should be a major section of any bundles offered Traditional Text Messaging (SMS) is not as important as it once was and should not be paramount to offers. 1. Offering Both Bill Pay and Pay as you Go Bundles This should take the form of long term Bill Pay contracts with an offer of a free handset (slightly outdated) or a cheaper handset (a little more recent) or an expensive handset (latest on the market). It is also advisable that the price of the handset while signing up for a long term bill pay contract should be connected to the monthly contract price. As an example, if one wants a handset from the latest range but with a cheap monthly contract, then one pays more initially for the handset. However, if one wants an expensive phone with an expensive monthly contract, then the phone could be offered free of charge, depending upon the length of contract signed up to. It is advised that for the latter, a two year contract be set as the minimum. In this way the cost of the handset can be recovered over the duration of the contract. It is advised that Tel-Eir offer a month by month rolling contract. This new style of attracting customers has proven popular amongst the low waged and unwaged. Tel-Eir should offer an internet allowance and perhaps a text message (SMS) allowance with this. As SMS is decreasing in popularity, offering unlimited SMS messages will appear to be a good offer but in reality will not be used as much as it may have been previously. Tel-Eir, in order to be competitive should offer Pay As You go top up options in the following amounts:  £5 top ups for the unwaged and those in education  £10 top ups for the unwaged and low waged but slightly better off, such as single parents on social welfare, those in college receiving a grant, and those who are on schemes and low paid jobs who may not be able to afford larger top ups.  £15 top ups for convenience and as a bridge between the low waged and unwaged segment and those in gainful employment  £20 top ups with added data and SMS allowances for those that use this option.  £25 and  £50 top ups for the business customer who is too busy to top up very often and does not like to use bill pay. This is expected to be rare, but having it available will be a new option for the public. All of the above tariffs are guides only. It is of course understood that an unwaged person will on occasion top up by  £50 and that a business user will on occasion top up by  £5 or  £10. The points made are specifically aimed at those segments that will predominantly spend in the stated behaviours. It should be allowed that all top ups and bill pay options can be paid by Credit/Debit Card and that a facility exists for both online payment and direct debit. (All above information gained from ComReg, 2015) 2. Handset Choice The variety of handset offered is paramount in importance for the sale of Tel-Eirs network product. The profit is in the sale of the different tariffs and bundles. However that sale will not happen unless Tel-Eir sells the hardware that the public have come to expect and associate with popular and successful network brands. Therefore, it is advised that Tel-Eir sell all of the latest handsets from all of the most popular manufacturers. It is also advised that Tel-Eir try to get exclusive rights to an upcoming handset from a major supplier. Even short term exclusivity would be beneficial. 3. Free Internet Minutes From research already collated, it is clear that connection to the Internet is of paramount importance to the public. There are so many things that a mobile phone user can do from being connected to the Internet. This is also paramount in lessening the use of the network throughput from SMS messages. Using the Internet will allow people to send instant messages using apps through third party servers, lessening the load on Tel-Eirs hardware. Having a good Internet allowance package available to them, will give the public the freedom to use their phones as they have been used to with the current major brands on the market. Tel-Eir should look to compete very favourably in this area. (The Atlantic, 2014) Lessening Importance of SMS Messages As users turn to third party apps for sending instant messages over the Internet, they are turning away from the traditional paid for SMS messages. It appears as though this trend will continue into the future. As a result of this, Tel-Eir should offer generous SMS bundles with offers secure in the knowledge that these will sell a product to a potential subscriber but once sold, will not be used very much at all. It is all about the offer appearing to be good value for money. Positioning and Promotion Positioning is not what your company physically does to a product-it is what your company does to a target customers mind (marsdd.com, 2015). The above statement is the most important thing to keep in mind when presenting Tel-Eirs new product to the market. The fundamentals of positioning the product effectively in the market must be adhered to. These fundamentals are: A customer decides to buy a product based upon the positioning of that product All customers have an idea of what the market presents, by using a mental map Positioning is not something that exists in the product but in the mind of the customer Once a customers mind is made up about product positioning, it is not easily changed Positionings first task is to present the relevance of a product. If one makes the product easier to purchase, then the product will be easier to sell. (marsdd.com, 2015) With the above tenets in mind therefore, Tel-Eir should pay particular attention to the following: Why does this product solve the consumers problems? What product offering will appeal the most to the consumer? What do consumers want the most from this type of product? What do consumers not want from this type of product? (brainmates.com) From the above presented problems one must come to the conclusion that Communication is the key to positioning and promoting a product. How does a company get from positioning to communication? See Fig 1.1 (next page) Therefore using the image in Fig 1.1 the company must decide upon its best avenue for answering these questions. Fig 1.1 (marsdd.com) Known Variables It has been decided that Tel-Eir will target the 18-25 year old market segment initially. Questions and Answers What will be the compelling reason for Tel-Eirs customers to buy? From market research the compelling reason will be based upon a sound Internet usage (data allowance) strategy. This is will enable the youth market consumers to use our product exactly the way that the evidence points to them wanting to use it. What will be Tel-Eirs initial product placement strategy in order to get the product into the minds of the target segment? Firstly, Tel-Eir will come up with an excellent slogan and product package. The packaging will be of paramount importance. The logo of the brand and the words used are no less important. The statement used in promoting the product should include the primary appeal of the package offering. Taking into account the age group of the target segment, Tel-Eir will promote the product through the following channels: Creation of an interactive website Brochures in existing technology shops and phone shops that sell all network carriers Potential customer email campaigns Social Media advertisement campaign Star Actor television advertisement Billboard advertising for viewing by this segment as they travel in day to day pursuits Attempt to get product used in a broadcast venture such as a soap opera or a feature film Give away a limited amount of the product to various organisations such as Written and Broadcast media for use in competitions and to colleges and schools again as possible competition prizes Attend trade fairs and extol the virtues of the product Attend third level college events and provide brand stretching items such as key fobs and perhaps some academic motivators such as rulers, paper, calculators and the like. Perhaps also give away tee shirts at such events. Also include product literature. What will the products key benefit be as promoted to the customer? A key benefit will be a ground breaking offer on Internet data allowance. Tel-Eir will offer all customers an never before seen amount of data for all users regardless of top up amount or bill pay tariff. Naturally the amount will be incrementally more the more a consumer spends. However even at the lowest spend, consumers should see an unequalled (in the market) amount of data being supplied. A key benefit will be the offering of free text (SMS) bundles. The higher a consumer pays the more free SMS messages they receive up to a maximum of completely free SMS messages. A key benefit will be Tel-Eirs competitive offers of new and recent handsets at either free or very low priced amounts. Tel-Eir will also offer an insurance incentive for handsets sold Tel-Eir will also allow all consumers to top up or pay bills online, at various pay points, by direct debit or over the phone using customer service What competitor will be closest to Tel-Eirs offering in the market? Both Vodafone and Meteor will resemble Tel-Eirs offering however it is believed that Tel-Eir will be able to supply an even better product offering that both of those competitors. What is the key difference between Tel-Eirs offering and the chief competitors? The intended key differences will be: Tel-Eir will offer more data allowance for similar prices Tel-Eir will offer free SMS (varying) amounts at ALL top up or bill pay levels Tel-Eir will offer handsets at lower prices than the competition. Positioning Statement Finally, Tel-Eir will pay particular attention to its selling statement for consumers. The statement will include the most important variables: It will clearly and effectively identify the target segment It will make the product offering effective, convincing, compelling and will be backed up by credible evidence It will reflect the target segments needs and locale It will be explainable in a very few words The positioning statement will take the format of: For (target segment or customer) who (a compelling reason to buy) our product is a (products placement) that provides (key benefit that directly addresses the compelling reason to buy), unlike (primary competitor of the same benefit) our product (key difference). (marsdd.com) Bibliography Book References Principles of Marketing, Kotler And Armstrong (2012), Pearson Prentice Hall, P110. Marketing Research: Measurement and Method, 7th edition, Donald S. Tull and Del I. Hawkins, (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1993) Marketing Plans (6th edition), McDonald, Malcolm (2007), Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann Marketing Research: A Decision-Making Approach, Malhotra, Naresha K. (2002), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Publication References Irish Independent Newspaper, 1st July 2014 edition, Business Technology Section, Independent News and Media 2014 Online References http://www.comreg.ie/_fileupload/publications/PR10032016.pdf http://www.comreg.ie/_fileupload/publications/ComReg1246.pdf. P22 et al https://www.siliconrepublic.com/comms/2015/07/02/id-is-irelands-latest-mobile-operator-and-its-out-soon. P17 18 http://www.atechnologysociety.co.uk/cloud-computing-future.html. (Chris Nickson 2013) http://www.phonearena.com/news/Did-you-know-that-Samsung-launched-the-first-solar-powered-cell-phone_id67493 (Nick T, 2015) http://www.hongkiat.com/blog/future-smartphone-features/. (M.Poe 2015) http://phys.org/news/2015-04-5g-wireless-technology.html. (Mark A. Gregory, 2015) http://www.gizmag.com/energy-harvesting-shoes/41796/. (Nick Levars, 2016) http://inner-active.com/2011/08/10/5-reasons-the-new-facebook-messenger-app-will-kill-sms-and-5-reasons-it-wont/ (Hillel Fuld 2011) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_research http://www.comreg.ie/_fileupload/publications/ComReg1617a.pdf http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/01/why-texting-is-dying-out/441507/ https://www.brainmates.com.au/how-to/%E2%80%9Chow-to%E2%80%A6-%E2%80%9D-position-a-product https://www.marsdd.com/mars-library/positioning-creating-an-image-of-your-product-inyour-target-customers-mind/

The Quality of the Information in Recruitment Documents :: Business Management Studies

The Quality of the Information in Recruitment Documents I discussed HSBC’s key recruitment documents and came to the conclusion that the recruitment and selection process at the company was of the up most importance. I now plan to look at these documents in greater detail. Ø Job Description The main purpose of a job description at any company is to allow candidates to get a brief view of what the job entails. It also allows candidates to assess whether they think they would be suited in that particular job. Below is an example of a job description at HSBC: Role Title: Transfers and Settlements Administration (Job Number – 1.2.2.5) Location: Client Service Centre Reporting to: Client Administration Manager From looking at the above job description we can see that HSBC include: - What the title of the job will be - Where the job will be located - Who the employee should report to To include the title of the job is obviously an important part of any job description. It allows candidates to know what role they are applying for and if successful, the role they will take on. The location of the job is also important, as candidates need to know where to apply. Also if the candidate is successful they need to know whom they are reporting to and for this reason this information is also included in the job description. The job role title allows candidates to get an insight into the type of duties they will be required to carry out. For the particular job role in the job description above, employees will be expected to carry out the following: - Undertake stock transfers on behalf of HSBC clients with SFA regulations and strict internal and external service legal agreements - Undertake trade settlements and correction on behalf of HSBC clients within SFA regulations and strict internal and external service legal agreement - This requires employees to have effective communication skills in order to correspond with internal and external clients There is a section in the description that outlines the key tasks/outputs that the job will involve. These give the candidate a more detailed view of what is expected from them and allows them to make a more informed decision as to whether they think that the job is for them. This also gives candidates a sight into the background of HSBC and is usually very well detailed and presented. Ø Person Specification The person specification outlines what type of person is needed to carry out the job and specifies any skills or qualifications that they require. Is also details what qualities and competencies are needed.

Knarles & Barkley Essay

There are several things that have gone wrong in the case we were given to examine. Knarles had left his 17-year-old son Barkley to look after the Maryland based facilities maintenance business while Knarles attended a convention in Hawaii. The exact scope of the duties to be performed in Knarles’ absence was not given to the reader. Knarles and Barkley’s company had a roster of satisfied clients who they maintained a working relationship without the benefit of a signed renewal contract. Knarles had a professional relationship with his clients for a number of years, an express contract would not be considered unusual under these circumstances. Part of the services Knarles and Barkley (referred to hereafter as K & B) provided was a paid replacement of outdated and broken equipment that were part of a building heating system as well as the cosmetic maintenance required. In addition to his other duties, Barkley was responsible for renewing an employee’s license, whi ch was a feature of the plumber’s employment contract. His failure to do so resulted in having an unlicensed plumber on staff, which can affect future dealings with clients that require plumbing services for their buildings. Although Barkley was instructed by Knarles to take care of the licensing and gain experience in this area of building maintenance operations, I blame the plumber for not looking after his own interest and putting something as valuable as having a working license be the responsibility of someone else. A sensible employee would have negotiated the renewal fee to be reimbursed upon receiving an updated license. The state of Maryland, K & B’s home state, offers online renewal of application, which does seem complicated or time consuming. 1 Even though the plumber was licensed out of the District of Columbia, the WSSC will reciprocate a plumber’s license from D.C, Maryland and Virginia. During Knarles’ absence, Barkley was approached by Ian Chetum owner of a business in Virginia, to perform the facili ties maintenance on his establishment. K&Bs’ service had clients in the DC/Maryland/Virginia area and therefore Barkley sent Ian a standard agreement to which Ian signed and sent the appropriate fee to begin to receive services. A contract creates an agency that was implied from facts and circumstances. In this case Barkley was operating the business with his father. The problem here that although Barkley was acting as an agent for the maintenance company he was seventeen years old and both â€Å"parties to a contract must be legally capable of  entering into a contract. A minor, a lunatic, or the principal of an agent, not authorized to act in such a capacity is not responsible for debts contracted, therefore none of them could be parties to a contract.†2 No doubt Barkley grew up in the industry and appeared to Chetum to be a reasonable person giving the impression that he was capable of offering and accepting the contract. â€Å"In some cases, if the minor had purposely misrepresented his or her age, the minor may not be permitted to avoid the contract.†3 Our scenario seems to imply that offer and acceptance (although under doubtful terms) was met. The buyer (Chetum) promised to purchase all products (in this case a mixed sale of goods and services) it requires from the seller (K & B) and fulfilled his financial obligation by sending in an initial payment. A short time after the contract was signed; Chetum contacts K & B regarding one of his properties without heat. Barkley who is still in charge of the operations sends over his lapsed license plumber to look into the situation. The plumber immediately finds a House Warmer Boiler that was recalled due to a carbon monoxide venting failure. â€Å"..a product maybe defectively designed if it is found that it fails to perform safely according to ordinary consumer expectations.†4 While House Warmer is guilty of a defect in either manufacture or design, they did discover the defect and followed proper procedure for notifying purchasers and users. We are not told what steps House Warmer followed from there; but it was obvious to a trained plumber that the item was not in operat ing condition. At this point, the issue of who sold the boiler comes into play. The Restatement (Second) of Torts Section 402A indicates that a seller is ultimately responsible for a defective condition. The Restatement (Third) of Torts loosely translates to that when the boiler was sold with the manufacturing defect the strict liability falls on House Warmer. â€Å"An important component of product liability is that there occurred a sale of the defective product. As set forth in the UCC (2-106(i), a sale is defined as the passing of title from the seller to the buyer for a price.† 5 The case study indicates that the boiler was purchased at a salvage yard. The salvage yard â€Å"..who engages in buying or selling used products is generally not susceptible to strict liability because the chain of distribution has been broken.†6 In addition to the boiler being recalled, the plumber notices that the boiler was improperly installed, adding another potential hazard released by the  boiler. â€Å"However, where the product was already in a defective s tate before it reached the hands of the assembler or installer, courts differ as to their imposition of strict liability. Liability may turn on their ability to detect the defect during the assembly or installation.†7 What we have been told about Chetum’s penny-pinching habits, he may have had a non-licensed operator install this boiler to save a few dollars. The plumber immediately notifies Barkley of the situation who in turn notifies Chetum, who does not want to pay for a new working boiler and tells Barkley to have his plumber fix it no matter what. Obviously the contract between Chetum and K & B does not have an exculpatory clause that would relieve K & B from the continuation of negligence (carbon monoxide exposure in an apartment building). Barkley is showing his inexperience in this matter and could have easily sited UCC 2 – Sale of Services, claiming this situation is â€Å"†¦so one sided and detrimental to the interest of one of the parties that it operates to render the contract unenforceable.†8 The interest in this case refers to the excellent service K & B ha ve offered their clients over the years. Barkely, operating on the theory that the customer is always right, tells the plumber to continue to fix the boiler since that’s what the customer wants at this point in time. Barkley and the plumber (acting as his agent) are as guilty (negligent) of exposing those people to carbon monoxide poisoning as Chetum is. Even though Barkley is a minor, and isn’t well versed in every aspect of the maintenance building field, he should have trusted his plumber’s opinion and not ordered the plumber to complete the job. Barkley, acting as an agent to K& B and not standing behind his plumber’s opinion and ordering the plumber to put in a defective item, has put the company in a precarious position. A toxic tort is a tort caused by an individual’s contact with a toxic substance, which due to Chetum’s order and Barkley and his agent, the plumber are all responsible for continuing to expose the tenants to. Our poor plumber, following orders has repaired the boiler so it can continue for the rest of the winter, given to him by an underage boss. Nothing is indicated what the plumber had completed a work order form. A completion of work certificate would have a portion of the plumber’s opinion written down, claiming that the client was notified of the defective recalled boiler and completed the job to client’s wishes against his professional opinion. A completion certificate, â€Å"†¦is often relied on to  counter arguments raised later that, in fact, the job was not finished as promised or that the consumer was not satisfied with the work performed..†9 A signed completion of work certificate, although will not get K & B off the negligence charge, would possibly help a case further down the road, should Chetum claim he never knew about the condition of the boiler. At this point, I need to add my own diversity of citizenship issue to this case. I am not aware of the lease violation that occurred in this Virginia apartment complex, but in New Jersey, all leased apartments must have a carbon monoxide detector in them. The tenant is not allowed to remove the batteries unl ess to replace the batteries, but not allowed to disengage the working alarm, this is to allow the tenants to know that they are being exposed to a serious invisible chemical and seek not only medical attention but I am responsible for remedying the situation. I am not sure what Virginia’s position is on notifying tenants when a leak has been found, but I’m sure that they would consider the three parties (Chetum, K&B, and the plumber) all negligent. Knarles returns from Hawaii and at a business luncheon discussed with colleagues finds out about the Chetum incident that was reported in the local paper. Knarles and his colleagues Knarles makes a slanderous comment about Chetum during the luncheon, which is followed by other colleagues coming up with similar comments. Unfortunately, as this case begins to unravel, a seemingly immature comment may â€Å"†¦tend to harm the reputation of another as to lower him in the estimation of the community, or deter third persons from associating or dealing with him.†10 Knarles’ colleague Joe Stucko made a vapid comment that he could not validate about a HVAC system but shed some light on Chetum’s overall business dealings. After leaving the luncheon Barkley informs Knarles about the contract and the boiler. Knarles contacts Chetum tells him he wants to void the contract and refunds the initial payment minus work done by the plumber. Chetum at this point sues K& B; therefore mutual rescission was not met. Breaking the contract involves several issues in this case. As previously mentioned the contract was negotiated with an underage minor, who we are not sure if he had contractual powers while his father was away, could be one way to legally dissolve the contract. Chetum may claim that he was duped into believing the contract was valid since the external appearance of Barkley led him to believe that Barkley was a legitimate agent for the firm. Second,  the fact that Chetum, K & B, and the plumber are all negligent of carbon monoxide poisoning and that K & B wants to distance themselves from Chetum, might be a reason for breaking the contract, it should be noted that parties to an illegal contract (keeping the flow of carbon monoxide going in the apartment complex) are responsible for their actions and their actions during the contract may have no standing in court. Not having complete knowledge of Virginia’s public policy on carbon monoxide exposure in apartment complexes, a b reach of ethics is a concern. K & B’s actions, with the boiler repair/carbon monoxide poisoning, will no doubt hurt their fine reputation in the region for providing building maintenance that Knarles’ worked years to attain. It is possible that K & B may feel that continuing to service Chetum may require them to perform a future illegal act and they feel uncomfortable about doing future business with them based on the recent events. The last in the series of arguments on valid reasons K & B could present for breaking the contract is that Chetum prevented them from fulfilling their end of the bargain, which is to provide safe and reliable maintenance service. There are several courses of remedy that the courts may decide upon. If the courts decide to honor the contract then they have the option of choosing specific performance, if this is the case it would be based on the unique benefit Chetum receives and K & B need to fulfill the contract until it expires, however, it is doubtful that the courts wa nt to be involved in monitoring the decisions made by K & B and Chetum, given the original situation. A form of reformation, where perhaps it could be negotiated that K & B performs cosmetic maintenance on the properties and not handles the commercial maintenance. It is doubtful based on the personalities and the situation involved that either mediation or arbitration would conclude the problem. Some form of compensatory damages may have to be paid by K & B to have another service maintain the buildings until Chetum finds another service that would fulfill his requirements. Monetary damages based on the position breaking the contract put Chetum in might be considered. Naturally attorney fees will have to be paid until this situation is resolved if this was in the original contract.